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French Guiana , Fr. La Guyane francaise, officially Department of Guiana, French overseas department (1995 est. pop. 145,000), 35,135 sq mi (91,000 sq km), NE South America, on the Atlantic Ocean. Part of the Guiana region, it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Suriname on the west and Brazil on the south and east. Cayenne is the capital and largest city. The Oyapock (Oiapoque) River on the east and the Tumuc-Humac Mts. on the south separate it from Brazil. The Maroni River on the west forms the border with Suriname.

French Guiana is largely dependent on subsidies and imports from its mother country. Fishing and forestry are the prime industries, and timber, shrimp, and rum made from local sugarcane are the chief exports. Rice, corn, manioc, and bananas are grown for subsistence. There are gold (discovered in 1855) and bauxite deposits; exploitation, however, has been hindered by inadequate transportation and scarcity of labor. The Plan Vert (Green Plan), adopted in the late 1970s to increase production in agriculture and forestry, met with only partial success.

French Guiana has two districts (arrondissements): Cayenne, the coastal region, where more than 90% of the population is concentrated; and the larger interior district of Saint Laurent-du-Maroni. The population is largely of mixed African and European descent, but there are also minorities of whites, indigenous peoples, Chinese, and Asian Indians. French is the official language, but other languages and dialects are spoken as well. The population is predominantly Roman Catholic. The department is represented in the French national assembly and senate. It is governed by a prefect and an elected council.


History
French settlement dates from 1604. In the Dutch wars of Louis XIV, Cayenne was captured (1676) by the Dutch but was later retaken. The Portuguese and British occupied it during the Napoleonic Wars, but the Congress of Vienna (1815) restored French authority. French Guiana was used as a penal colony and place of exile during the French Revolution, and under Napoleon III permanent penal camps were established. Devils Island, one of the Iles du Salut, off the coast, became notorious. The penal colonies were evacuated after World War II.

In 1947, French Guiana became an overseas department of France, and in 1974 it also became an administrative region. A rocket-launching base at Kourou, established in 1968, is used by the European Space Agency for communication satellites. Economic problems and divisions between the white European elite and the Creole majority persisted into the 1990s, accompanied by increasing local demands for autonomy.

Culture
French Guiana is predominantly Roman Catholic, and French is the official language. Nearly everyone also speaks the native creole, French Guianese, while Maroons (descendants of escaped slaves who established villages in the interior) and Amerindians maintain their own religions and speak Arawak, Carib, Emerillon, Oyapi, Palicur and Wayana. Tokens of the country's French connection - francs, gendarmes and sidewalk cafes - mingle with local influences - Carnaval, Maroon woodcarving and Caribbean music and dance - to give Guiana its decidedly non-Latin air.

Events
Festive Carnaval is the highlight of the calendar, as outrageous Caribbean-style parades and parties are fused with a certain French savoir faire. Usually held in late February, Carnaval features festivities every weekend from Epiphany and for four days solid before Ash Wednesday. The best place to experience the events of Carnaval is Cayenne.